ARTICLE 1
Sexual Harassment in work place: A study on victims and harassers in Johor Bahru, Johor
Introduction
The article "Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: A Study on Victims and Harassers in Johor Bahru, Johor by Ishak bin Mad Shah, Hamidah Ab Rahman, Hapriza Ashari, Aminah Mohd Khalid, and Hamdan Hj Abdul Kadir (2017) aims to see the different personalities of victim and harasser and the forms of sexual harassment that have always been done by harassers and experienced by victims.
The purpose of the study
The demographic characteristics of harassers and victims are the focus of this research. Additionally, the aim of this research is to identify workplace-specific forms of sexual harassment. The next step is to determine the victim's understanding of sexual harassment and the sources of information regarding it. Lastly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the personalities and self-esteem of sexual harassment victims and perpetrators. In Malaysian society, which places a high value on morality and ethics, sexual harassment is a problem that frequently occurs in the workplace.
The methodology of the study
The research methodology used is a survey. The questionnaire used was distributed to workers in industries that experienced sexual violence. Sociometric methods are used to determine whether a respondent is a victim or a perpetrator. The questionnaire used consisted of four parts: personal data, understanding the meaning of inappropriate sexual behaviour, and personality. The data analysis method used is quantitative and is analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software. Since the data obtained fit the purpose of the study, they were analysed using descriptive statistics.
Findings and discussion of the study
The results of the study consisted of 50 victims and 47 offenders of sexual harassment. The offenders of sexual harassment are men, while all of the victims are women. Additionally, victims are in the dark regarding sexual harassment. Magazines and newspapers provide information about sexual harassment to both victims and offenders. Sexual harassment victims tend to have passive personalities, whereas offenders tend to have active personalities. The sort of sexual harassment that often occurs in the workplace involves being exposed to sexual materials, with a frequency of 74%. A sexual harassment practise that is regularly carried out by perpetrators of sexual harassment is offering presents, favourable treatment, or promotion if the victim cooperates with sexual actions, with a frequency of 80.9%.
Implication of the study
According to the author, the study has four implications. It has been established that sexual harassment occurs in the workplace, with women making up the majority of its victims. Gender discrimination causes men to think they are strong and women are weak. Additionally, both victims and offenders' understanding of the concept of sexual harassment is limited. They think joking while touching is normal, but female workers feel less comfortable with the act. Next, the form of sexual harassment experienced by victims is still at a less dangerous level. Therefore, early steps should be taken before the situation becomes more dangerous. Finally, the personality of the victim of sexual harassment is passive. This causes perpetrators of sexual harassment to continue without shame.
Conclusion
The concept of sexual harassment in the workplace and its impact on victims were introduced and examined in this article. This study can provide information regarding who the victims and harassers of sexual harassment are, their comprehension of this notion, and the forms of interference that are regularly used by other researchers as references. The article could be further improved if the authors studied the quality of life of victims, identified prevention techniques, provided encouragement to victims, identified the best methods to prevent perpetrators of sexual harassment, and so on. In conclusion, I believe the author did an excellent job putting up this incredibly valuable post. This article is quite informative and can be used as a reference for other researchers interested in studying sexual harassment in the workplace and its impact on victims.
ARTICLE 2
Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Consequences and Perceived Self-Efficacy in Women and Men Witnesses and Non-Witnesses
Introduction
The article "Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Consequences and Perceived Self-Efficacy in Women and Men Witnesses and Non-Witnesses'' by Daniela Acquadro Maran, Antonella Varetto, and Cristina Civilotti in 2022 aims to examine how the indirect experience of sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment is defined as unsolicited and unwanted sexual behaviour that is perceived by the victim as humiliating, offensive, and disabling to the victim's safety and psychophysical well-being. Consequences of sexual harassment in the workplace lead to absenteeism, turnover intentions, job dissatisfaction, loss of trust, confidence, and justice.
The purpose of the study
This study aims to investigate how witnesses' mental health may be impacted by indirect experiences of sexual harassment at work. In this study, the participant's frequency of sexual harassment over the previous year is asked for, in addition to other questions about how the witnesses or non-witnesses are affected emotionally and psychologically by the encounter. Examining the hypotheses was the study's main goal.
The methodology of the study
The researchers use the Sexual Experience Questionnaire to conduct the research. The first part describes the purpose of the questionnaire and the instructions. The second part of the questionnaire included the question of whether participants witnessed sexual harassment in the workplace. The third part of the questionnaire included scales on emotional and psychological consequences, perception, and coping with suffering. The last part included sociodemographic data. The questionnaire was distributed to seven different organisations with 733 participants. The data were also analysed with the T-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis.
Findings and discussion of the study
The results of the study indicate that, compared to men and female non-witnesses, women who saw sexual harassment were more likely to experience the psychological and emotional effects, be able to control their anxiety and emotional states, and employ various coping mechanisms to deal with the harassment. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that the factors of age, sex, exposure to workplace sexual harassment, and self-efficacy practises significantly impacted views of mental health.
Implication of the study
The result of this study demonstrate the importance of intervening in sexual harassment in workplace. Women and men who witness suffer from their vicarious experiences, negative mental health, exhaustion, alienation, and negative feelings. Preventive measures and interventions are needed in the organisation. According to Rai (2018), training program is important to break down stereotypes and myths about sexual harassment. According to SY Lee (2019), programs that promote witness intervention are important to reduce sexual harassment in workplace.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the concept of sexual harassment in the workplace and its consequences for women and men, witnesses and non-witnesses, were introduced and examined in this article. This study provides information regarding how the indirect experience of SHW, in conjunction with variables such as gender, age, self-efficacy, and coping strategies, affects the mental health status of witnesses of sexual harassment in the workplace. The article could be further improved if the authors combined the use of questionnaires and interviews to better understand the phenomenon and its meaning in an organisational context. I believe that the author did an excellent job and is quite informative enough to be used as a reference for other research.
REFERENCE
Ashari, H. (n,d). Gangguan Seksual di Tempat: Kajian ke atas Mangsa dan Pelaku.
E.prints.utm.my
https://www.academia.edu/1595887/Gangguan_Seksual_di_Tempat_Kerja_Kajian_ke_atas_Mangsa_dan_Pelaku
Acquadro Maran, D., Varetto, & Civilotti, C. (2022). Sexual Harassment
In the Workplace: Consequences and Perceived Self-Efficacy in
Women and Men Witnesses and Non-Witnesses. Behavioural
Sciences, 12(9), 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12090326
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